This Article Abstract Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Rahm, D. Articles by Coggburn, J. D. Search for Related Content Social Bookmarking                         What's this?

Environmentally Preferable Procurement

Greening U.S. State Government Fleets

The University of Texas at San Antonio

Jerrell D. Coggburn

North Carolina State University, Raleigh

Since passage of the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) in 1992, the U.S. federal government has imposed procurement restrictions on state government fleets. Regulations, overseen by the Department of Energy (DoE), require that a high percentage of new state fleet acquisitions be "green" alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs). This article first reviews AFV technologies, advanced technology designs, and alternative fuels. A discussion of the EPAct mandates and other policy incentives for state fleets follows. The next section presents findings of a survey of state fleet managers regarding their compliance obligations. The article concludes with a discussion of the recently passed EPAct of 2005 and how its provisions may affect the continued greening of state fleets.

Key Words: alternative vehicles • energy policy • environmentally preferable procurement • state fleets • transportation policy

References

• Alvord, V. (2005, May 24). States hoping more will buy hybrid vehicles. USA Today. Retrieved September 21, 2005, from http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2005-05-24-hybrids_x.htm
• American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. (2006). How to buy green. Retrieved February 15, 2006, from http://www.greenercars.com/howbuy.html
• Bryner, G.C. (1999). New tools for improving government regulation: An assessment of emissions trading and other market-based regulatory tools. Arlington, VA: PricewaterhouseCoopers Endowment for the Business of Government.
• Center for a New American Dream. (2004). Harnessing the power of advanced fleet vehicles: A hybrid electric vehicle fact sheet for government officials. Tacoma Park, MD: Center for a New American Dream in collaboration with the National Association of Counties.
• Clean Air Act of 1970. P.L. 91-604 (1970).
• Clean Air Act Amendments. P.L. 101-549 (1990).
• Clean Car Campaign. (2003). Clean car standard. Retrieved February 15, 2005, from http://www.cleancarcampaign.org/aboutccc.shtml
• Coggburn, J.D. (2004). Achieving managerial values through green procurement? Public Performance & Management Review, 28(2), 236-258.
• Coggburn, J.D., & Rahm, D. (2005). Environmentally preferable purchasing: Who is doing what in the United States? Journal of Public Procurement, 5(1), 23-53.
• Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. (2004). Hybrid electric vehicles in government fleets. Denver: Author.
• Dixon, C. (2005, August 28). Honda Civic GX: Clean, green, and seen in the car-pool lanes. The New York Times. Retrieved August 31, 2005, from http://www.mnytimes.com/2005/08/28/automobiles/28AUTO.html
• Durbin, D. (2005, September 21). Ford promises hybrid engines in half its lineup by 2010. USA Today. Retrieved September 21, 2005, from http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2005-09-21-ford-hybrids_x.htm
• Energy Conservation Act of 1998. P.L. 105-388 (1998).
• Energy Information Administration. (2005). Annual survey of alternative fueled vehicle suppliers & users (Form EIA-886). Washington, DC: Department of Energy.
• Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric, and Alternative Fuels. (2004). Estimated number of alternative-fueled vehicles in use by state governments by fuel and weight category, 2001, 2002, 2003. Washington, DC: Department of Energy.
• Energy Policy Act of 1992. P.L. 102-486 (1992).
• Energy Policy Act of 2005. P.L. 109-058 (2005).
• Energy Policy and Conservation Act. P.L. 94-163 (1975).
• Enos, G. (2006). The gas bill: Facing a future of rising fuel costs, fleet managers are looking to an array of options. Governing, 19(6), 60-66.
• Environment and Energy Study Institute. (n.d.). Environment and Energy Study Institute's (EESI) response to ACEEE report "Plug-in hybrids: An environmental and economic performance outlook." Retrieved March 15, 2007, from http://www.eesi.org/publications/Fact%20Sheets/ACEEEreport_EESIresponse.PDF
• Environmental Protection Agency. (2002). Clean alternative fuels: Liquefied natural gas (EPA 420-F-00-038). Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/fuels/altfuels/420f00038.pdf
• Federal Register. (2006, June 23). Proposed rule. Alternative fuel transportation program: Alternative compliance. Federal Register, 71(121), 36034-36040.
• Federal Register. (2007, March 20). Final rule. Alternative fuel transportation program: Alternative compliance. Federal Register, 72(53), 12958-12966.
• General Services Administration/Department of Energy. (2006). Federal Automotive Statistical Tool (FAST). Washington, DC: Department of Energy, Energy Information Office. Available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/atftables/atf21-35_04.html
• Hansen, R. (2006). Ethanol profile. Iowa State University, Agriculture Marketing Resource Center. Retrieved March 15, 2007, from http://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodity/grainsoilseeds/corn/ethanolprofile.htm
• Hinrichs, R.A., & Kleinbach, M. (2002). Energy: Its use and the environment. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt.
• Hybridcars.com. (2005a). Emission standards. Retrieved December 15, 2005, from http://www.hybridcars.com/emissions.html
• Hybridcars.com. (2005b). Hybrids in government fleets. Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://www.hybridcars.com/government-fleets.html
• Langer, T., & Williams, D. (2002). Greener fleets: Fuel economy progress and prospects (Report Number T024). Washington, DC: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.
• National Association of State Procurement Officials. (2001). State and local government purchasing principles & practices. Lexington, KY: Author.
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. ( 2006). CAFE overview. Retrieved January 25, 2006, from http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/cafe/overview.htm.
• Nesbitt, K., & Sperling, D. (2001). Fleet purchase behavior: Decision processes and implications for new vehicle technologies and fuels. Transportation Research Part C, 9, 297-318.[CrossRef]
• Plug-In Partners. (2005). Plug-In Partners national campaign. Retrieved February 25, 2006, from http://www.eesi.org/programs/CleanBus/PHEVS/plugin.index.htm
• Rondinelli, D.A. (2000). Rethinking U.S. environmental protection policy: Management challenges for a new administration. Arlington, VA: PricewaterhouseCoopers Endowment for the Business of Government.
• Switzer, J.V. (2004). Environmental politics: Domestic and global dimensions. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
• U.S. Department of Energy. (2004). FreedomCAR & vehicle technologies program: Energy Policy Act (EPAct). Retrieved October 3, 2005, from http://www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/epact/about/index.shtml
• U.S. Department of Energy. (2005a). About alternative fuels and vehicles: Biodiesel. Retrieved December 15, 2005, from http://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/vbg/fleets/about_biodiesel.html
• U.S. Department of Energy. (2005b). About alternative fuels and vehicles: Ethanol. Retrieved December 15, 2005, http://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/vbg/fleets/about_ethanoll.html
• U.S. Department of Energy. (2005c). About alternative fuels and vehicles: Fuel cells. Retrieved December 15, 2005, from http://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/vbg/fleets/about_fuelcells.html
• U.S. Department of Energy. (2005d). About alternative fuels and vehicles: Hybrid electric vehicles. Retrieved December 15, 2005, from http://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/vbg/fleets/about_hybrids.html
• U.S. Department of Energy. (2005e). About alternative fuels and vehicles: Neighborhood electric vehicles. Retrieved December 15, 2005, from http://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/vbg/fleets/about_nelectric.html
• U.S. Department of Energy. (2005f). About alternative fuels and vehicles: Propane. Retrieved December 15, 2005, from http://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/vbg/fleets/about_propane.html
• U.S. Department of Energy. (2005g). Alternative Fuels and Data Center: Methanol. Retrieved February 15, 2006, from http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/altfuelmethanol.html
• U.S. Department of Energy. (2005h). United States federal incentives and laws. Retrieved January 26, 2006, from http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/fed_all.cgi?afdc/US/1
• White House Task Force on Recycling. (2001 ). Greening the government: A guide to implementing Executive Order 13101. Retrieved April 19, 2006, from www.ofee.gov/eo/greening.pdf

Public Works Management & Policy, Vol. 12, No. 2, 400-415 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/1087724X07304302


CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This Article Abstract Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Rahm, D. Articles by Coggburn, J. D. Search for Related Content Social Bookmarking                         What's this?